The Deconstruction of Binaries in Sula - Literature Essay Samples

In her fascinating 1973 novel, Sula, Toni Morrison deconstructs traditional understandings of the oppositions between self and other, rationality and emotion, and good and evil to reveal the similarities and differences among all people, adding up to nothing. If there is truly no superior option, what Morrison proposes by dissolving these ancient hierarchies is nothing more or less than the radical idea that there is no right way to lead a life. Many significant relationships depicted in Sula are of an intensely personal nature, to the point that multiple people are shown as one whole being. The most striking case of this is that of the deweys, who â€Å"[speak] with one voice, [think] with one mind† (39). Though they begin as three different boys, the Deweys soon meld into one, a â€Å"trinity with a plural name† a metaphor for societal conformity (38). Sula and Nel’s intense friendship, the focus of the novel, depicts an entirely different sort of closeness. The girls are two distinct beings, but they appear to have a psychic connection of sorts (58), having â€Å"made each other’s acquaintance in the delirium of their noon dreams† (51). The way they naturally begin to â€Å"use each other to grow on† (52) reflects some of the qualities of the deweys’ twinship and, like the deweys, the two girls are solitary creatures who seem destined to find each other, as each is essentia l to the other’s development. As Nel puts it when she realizes just how important Sula was to her: â€Å"We was girls together† (174). However, after adolescence, Nel and Sula grow apart, the latter continuing her girlish existence with an â€Å"experimental life† (118) while Nel marries and gets tied down by â€Å"virtue† (139), living exactly in accordance with what is expected of her. They are both lonely in the end, but as Sula proclaims on her deathbed, â€Å"my lonely is mine. Now your lonely is somebody else’s† (143). In this way, Morrison reveals that the price of belonging can be loss of identity. The binary of self and other is thus restored, but in doing so, Morrison reveals complexities in the nature of identity, including the fragmentation of a single person. Nel, through her life as a wife and mother, still contains the part of herself that was one with Sula. She â€Å"knew how to behave as the wronged wife† (120), but s till felt the immensity of her relationship with Sula. Though it is not seen through her unions with Sula and then with Jude, who obscured her in his search for manhood, there was a part of Nel that celebrated how herself she was. The same part of her that hoped to travel the world alone, and wanted â€Å"to bewonderful† (29) in a moment of â€Å"me-ness† that reaffirms the reader’s faith in the sanctity of self. By revealing the many aspects of a single person and the ties between many, Morrison effectively forces the reader to reconsider their understanding of identity. In Sula, there is a distinctly feminist approach to understanding the binary of emotion and rationality. In our culture the hierarchy distinctly favors rationality, â€Å"emotional† often being used as a term to weaken and discredit women. Early on, Sula and Nel become representative of this binary, â€Å"Nel [seeming] stronger and more consistent than Sula, who could hardly sustain any emotion for more than three minutes† (53). The hierarchy seems to be maintained as the two grow up and Sula remains wild, indulging her every whim. According to Nel, â€Å"she behaved emotionally and irresponsibly† (101), and could not be trusted with important decisions. Nel, on the other hand, seems to remain as sensible as can be, leading her life with â€Å"virtue†. However, upon closer inspection, this narrative soon overturns itself. For one thing, in their adult lives, Sula seems consistently happier than Nel, whose ego keeps her tied to a man who hopes, with her, to â€Å"make one Jude† (83). In Nel’s eyes, Sula’s return to the Bottom brings a sort of â€Å"magic† (95) into town, an â€Å"aura of fun and complicity†, that seems to be the influence of the freedom of letting one’s emotions roam free. Besides that, the actions that Nel considers irrational make perfect sense from Sula’s point of view, and are entirely successful in achieving what she expects them to. After she cuts off the tip of her finger, (53) the Irish boys never bother the girls again. And all Sula means to do by putting Eva in a home is to get rid of her, and that is exactly what she does. That is not to say that Sula’s actions are carefully calculated and thought out, but rather that doing what she wants tends to yield the desired result. By deconstructing the binary of emotion and rationality, Morrison puts the power back in emotion, and in doing so, overturns a longstanding patriarchal perception of what makes women weak. The stagnant community of the Bottom is one of the central characters, representing the accepted mainstream fear of any change or deviation from the norm. In the eyes of the people evil is evil and Sula comes to represent it. A good person maintains the status quo, being kind even when the kindness is insincere. Essentially, the goal of the community is to remain the same, merely surviving unavoidable change. Nel, whose hard working stoicism and suppression of all â€Å"sparkle or splutter† (83) wins her work and children, represents this comfort found in security. To Nel, â€Å"Hell is change† (108), while to Sula, â€Å"The real hell of Hell is that it is forever† (107). In the context of local society, Sula is a contrarian, rejecting the principles around which Bottom is built. The very idea of the foundation of one’s life being removed is too terrifying to confront, and so the citizens of Bottom do not, writing off Sula’s actions as evil to be s urvived. In reality, her need and desire for change, her terror that â€Å"Nothing was ever different† represents a restless spirit. Sula’s presence in the Bottom, just like all the other hardships they were able to meet and survive, does people good. The threat to their stable way of life gives them â€Å"leave to protect and love one another† (117). This phenomenon of bringing people closer to their feelings about each other and themselves is associated with Sula, as her presence brightened the whole world in Nel’s eyes (94). Reframing evil as the creation of change immediately breaks down the expected hierarchy, bringing the need for progress and the dangers of clinging to the past to the forefront on conversation. By deconstructing three binaries of identity, logic, and morality, Morrison offers a new understanding of the reasons rational and irrational that people upon, and to what extent potential consequences of a course of action affect their decisions. Strong ties to another person can alter the thought process from a logical assessment to an intuitive, joint experience, while the traditional hierarchy that favors rational, cautious thinking is overturned by establishing emotion as a valid guide to one’s actions. Finally, Morrison leads the audience to reevaluate the balance of consequences and intentions in attempting to categorize good or evil. Ultimately, the essential meaninglessness of our most valued concepts becomes empowering, giving one the freedom to do what they do, feel as they feel, and love who they love.

Levels and Scales of Measurement in Statistics

Level of measurement refers to the particular way that a variable is measured within scientific research, and  scale of measurement refers to the particular tool that a researcher uses to sort the data in an organized way, depending on the level of measurement that they have selected. Choosing the level and scale of measurement are  important parts of the research design process  because they are necessary for systematized measuring and categorizing of data, and thus for analyzing it and drawing conclusions from it as well that are considered valid. Within science, there are four commonly used levels and scales of measurement: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. These were developed by  psychologist Stanley Smith Stevens, who wrote about them in a 1946 article in  Science, titled On the Theory of Scales of Measurement. Each level of measurement and its corresponding scale is able to measure one or more of the four properties of measurement, which include identity, magnitude, equal intervals, and a minimum value of zero. There is a hierarchy of these different levels of measurement. With the lower levels of measurement (nominal, ordinal), assumptions are typically less restrictive and data analyses are less sensitive. At each level of the hierarchy, the current level includes all the qualities of the one below it in addition to something new. In general, it is desirable to have higher levels of measurement (interval or ratio) rather than a lower one. Let’s examine each level of measurement and its corresponding scale in order from lowest to highest in the hierarchy. The Nominal Level and Scale A nominal scale is used to name the categories within the variables you use in your research. This kind of scale provides no ranking or ordering of values; it simply provides a name for each category within a variable so that you can track them among your data. Which is to say, it satisfies the measurement of identity, and identity alone. Common examples within sociology include the nominal tracking of  sex (male or female),  race  (white, Black, Hispanic, Asian, American Indian, etc.),  and class  (poor, working class, middle class, upper class). Of course, there are many other variables one can measure on a nominal scale. The nominal level of measurement is also known as a categorical measure  and is considered qualitative in nature. When doing statistical research and using this level of measurement, one would use the mode, or the most commonly occurring value, as a  measure of central tendency. The Ordinal Level and Scale Ordinal scales are used when a researcher wants to measure something that is not easily quantified, like feelings or opinions. Within such a scale the different values for a variable are progressively ordered, which is what makes the scale useful and informative. It satisfies both the properties of identity and of magnitude. However, it is important to note that as such a scale is not quantifiable—the precise differences between the variable categories are unknowable. Within sociology, ordinal scales are commonly used to measure peoples views and opinions on social issues,  like racism  and sexism, or how important certain issues are to them in the context of a political election. For example, if a researcher wants to measure the extent to which a population believes that racism is a problem, they could ask a question like How big a problem is racism in our society today? and provide the following response options: its a big problem, it is somewhat a problem, it is a small problem, and racism is not a problem. When using this level and scale of measurement, it is the median which denotes central tendency. The Interval Level and Scale Unlike nominal and ordinal scales, an interval scale is a numeric one that allows for ordering of variables  and provides a precise, quantifiable understanding of the differences between them (the intervals between them). This means that it satisfies the three properties of identity, magnitude,  and  equal intervals. Age is a common variable that sociologists track using an interval scale, like 1, 2, 3, 4, etc. One can also turn non-interval, ordered variable categories into an interval scale to aid  statistical analysis. For example,  it is common to measure income as a range, like $0-$9,999; $10,000-$19,999; $20,000-$29,000, and so on. These ranges can be turned into intervals that reflect the increasing level of income, by using 1 to signal the lowest category, 2 the next, then 3, etc. Interval scales are especially useful because they not only allow for measuring the frequency and percentage of variable categories within our data, they also allow us to calculate the  mean, in addition to the median, mode. Importantly, with the interval level of measurement, one can also calculate  the standard deviation. The Ratio Level and Scale The ratio scale of measurement is nearly the same as the interval scale, however, it differs in that it has an absolute value of zero, and so it is the only scale that satisfies all four properties of measurement. A sociologist would use a ratio scale to measure actual earned income in a given year, not divided into categorical ranges, but ranging from $0 upward. Anything that can be measured from absolute zero can be measured with a ratio scale, like for example the number of children a person has, the  number of elections a person has voted in, or the  number of friends who are of a race different from the respondent. One can run all the statistical operations as can be done with the interval scale, and even more with the ratio scale. In fact, it is so called because one can create ratios and fractions from the data when one uses a ratio level of measurement and scale. Updated  by Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.

Design and Implementation of a Network Based Security...

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A NETWORK BASED SECURITY INFORMATION SYSTEM TABLE OF CONTENTS Cover page Title page Certification Dedication Acknowledgement Abstract Table of contents 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Security information 2. Objectives 3. Justification CHAPTER TWO 2. Security concept 2.1 Definition of security 2. Security threats 3. Security Information CHAPTER THREE 3. Description of the exiting security information system 3.1 Organizational structure 2. Fact finding method 3. Objective of the existing system 4. Programs of the existing system 5. Equipment of the existing system 6. Forms CHAPTER FOUR 4. Design of the network-based security information system 4.1 Method of data†¦show more content†¦CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2. SECURITY CONCEPT Security is defined in many ways due to the many contexts of its existence. In other words, security generally has to do with protection. It might be protection from undue access. Some attributes security to safe guiding from that, which may or may not lead to destruction. It might also be interesting to understand that security has to do with protection of the environment. It also has to do with valuables; this means that anything has to be secured must have value. Things of less importance to humanity and therefore anything that pose threat to life must also be prevented. Security is a very important issue in any organizations (system), no wonder VINCENT .E. ASOR in his seminar presentation at the Nigerian computer society’s conference of 2002 stated that an organization with 98 percent security is actually 100 percent insecure. This means that adequate security must be in place for a smooth running of an organizational affair or a system. The police, who is the cas e study organization here defined security in the police training manual as the protection of lives and property coupled with the maintenance of law and order in a society. 2.1 SECURITY THREATS They are criminal acts, which have a particular harmful effects onShow MoreRelatedInternet Censorship And The Internet Hackers1567 Words   |  7 Pages1 Background In our time and with the remarkable progress in the field of Internet, web sites can be considered the purpose and the main target for the Internet hackers. 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According to (Horvà ¡th, 2010) the model emphasizes the importance of an organization culture as applied to information security. In the creation of this culture the following are instituted: alignment of information security with business

Ethical Concerns Within Public Research - 928 Words

Ethics There are few ethical concerns within this research question. Firstly, it may be the case that the subjects can become distressed due to the sensitive nature of the research question. If at any point this occurs during the interview, I will switch off the recorder until the participant is ready to continue; if at all. If a participant wishes to withdraw at any point during the research, they will be able to do so freely. Each participant will be provided with a consent form, which they must sign before the study commences. They will also be provided with a copy of this consent form. Furthermore, a debrief form will be provided at the end of the research, which will illustrate my contact details. I will express that they are entirely welcome to contact me at any stage during and after the research if they have any other questions or concerns. With this in mind, each participant will be afforded extreme confidentiality and anonymity throughout the research. I am weary that the definition of confidentiality and anonymity is a fairly subjective term (Davies et al 2011). Therefore I will make it implicitly clear, on the consent and the brief form, that all names of each participant given to myself will be changed for the purposes of the research; regardless whether the names given were correct names or not. Furthermore, the interview recordings will only be heard by myself and my supervisor, if required. At the end of the research project all voice recordings will beShow MoreRelatedEthics Theory1635 Words   |  7 PagesEthical Treatment of Prisoners Name SOC120: Introduction to Ethics Social Responsibility Instructor: November 20, 2012 The life of prisoners some may never know. There are those who care not to know what goes on behind that wired fence. We find that some people that are convicted of crimes that they did not commit. 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The Endocrine Part Of The Pancreas - 1609 Words

The endocrine part of the pancreas consists of pancreatic islets (islets of the Langerhans). Insulin and glucagon are hormones secreted by islet cells of the pancreas. Both of these hormones are secreted depending on the blood glucose levels. Alpha cells of the pancreatic islets secrete glucagon and beta cells of the pancreatic islets secrete insulin (Marieb, 2012). Insulin and glucagon are equally vital in managing blood glucose, making sure the body functions well. Glucose, which comes from the food we eat, is important for every body system. A decline in the blood glucose level below its normal range causes the nervous system to function erratically because glucose is its main source of energy. Insulin and glucagon hormones partner†¦show more content†¦Some of the fatty acids are converted by the liver into acidic ketones as fats are broken down, (Lienhard, G., 1992), which are released into the blood stream. Insulin is normally secreted by the beta cells (a type of islet cell) of the pancreas. Insulin secretion is triggered by high blood glucose level and increased parasympathetic stimulation that is associated with digestion of a meal. Decreased insulin secretion results from decreasing blood glucose levels and from stimulation by the sympathetic division of the nervous system (Seeley and Stephens, 2005). Sympathetic stimulation of the pancreas increase during physical activities. Decreased insulin levels allow blood glucose to be conserved to provide the brain with adequate glucose and to allow other tissues to metabolize fatty acids and glycogen stored in the cells. Insulin binds to membrane–bound receptors and, either directly or indirectly, increases the rate of glucose and amino acid uptake in different tissues. For insulin, the major target tissues are the the area of the hypothalamus that controls appetite, called the satiety centre. liver, adipose tissue, muscles and Glucose is converted to glycogen and fat and the amino acids are used to synthesize protein. Storage of excess glucose for energy. After eating — when insulin levels are high — excess glucose is stored in the liver in the form of glycogen (Marieb, 2012). Between meals — when insulin levels are low — the

Ethical dilemmas can international psychologists Free Essays

The list below though not exhaustive but have been potential dilemmas that international psychologists ace during the execution Of their services in a culturally diverse population: Linguistic competencies- A case in point of such a situation is where immigrants travel in host community and want to use the health opportunities of that community. The medium of exchange for the host community is mainly English and say the immigrant is from a Chinese background. The children of most immigrants tend to adjust quickly in terms of linguistic abilities and therefore are most often interpreters for their parents. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical dilemmas can international psychologists or any similar topic only for you Order Now A parent of such cultural background seeking mental health services ill rely on the children to interpret for them. The dilemma here is the international psychologist is bound by law not to expose a patient’s sensitive document to a third party and also how can the international psychologist ascertained that the patient clearly understood the informed consent interpreted by the child. The steps taken in such a scenario is the need for bilingual staff to facilitate the care of culturally diverse patients (Congress, 2004). Practitioners legal obligation versus workplace policies- Davidson, (201 0, up. 70) reported that workers within the social services will be unfrosted by the dilemma between acting in the ethical best interest of direct service recipients and acting according to the law. For instance, an international psychologist working with an organization in a culture where children or minors work to fend living for their parents will be faced with a dilemma as to whether he is legally obligated to report this illegal activities of the organization or has an obligation to the organization to report. Using individual participants to represent the whole population- In his voice thread, Dry. Larsen (2014) noted that most hypothesis used in testing cross cultural research uses individual participants as a unit of analysis to aggregate an overall score for each culture. We are cautioned by the video on cross cultural competence that when working with culturally diverse population, we should delve into the demographics and composition of the group so that at the end all benefits and risk should be proportionately distributed. The ethical issue that arises when we stereotype or generalize the attribute of one culture to encompass the whole is that relationships among the measured rabbles in one culture will not necessarily translate to the same relationship in another culture. How to cite Ethical dilemmas can international psychologists, Papers

Service Organization Plays Out Capacities †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Service Organization Plays Out Its Capacities? Answer: Introduction Basically, a service organization plays out its capacities and operations by organizing its back and front stage divisions, which create and offer products and services by understanding the requirements of clients. This paper includes the reflective essay on different aspects of service in hospitality organization. This essay will examine the flow- diagrams for front and back stage operations of a service industry association, i.e. InterContinental Hotels. Further, it will clarify the importance of service experience and service encounter. Toward the end, it will elaborate the managerial implications by looking at the flow charts for different stages. Flow Charts Flow charts of service delivery is produced and outlined by considering the standard of services, culture, needs and desires of visitors and guests and services of contenders. Service implies understanding the desires and requests of clients, procedure of offering the services, assessment of the obstacles and associated costs, which requires for the administration of the standard of quality in service organizations (Armstrong et al, 2015). In this report, flow charts of hospitality organization, i.e. InterContinental Hotels, are created, which will be exceptionally helpful in dealing with the method of developing and conveyance of data, services to achieve the goal of business in more operative and expert way. Front Stage Flow Chart I am working at InterContinental Hotels, where I have seen their operations and flow of services. Hotels are using front office flow chart for managing the data and services according to the international trends and to meet the expectations and requirements of clients. When I was working at InterContinental Hotels, I witnessed that the main aspects of front stage operations of service organization is assisting in improving the communication and interaction with the visitors to collect the data about these guests and then discuss with the back stage departments about offering services to customers according to their needs and expectations (Bitner and Wang, 2014). When I joined this well-recognized organization, i.e. InterContinental Hotels, then I saw that the organizations front stage flow chart incudes various activities and steps. These activities includes like; making reservation for the visitors, managing the check-in details, organizing the waiting area and operating the rooms. Additionally, the front stage department also notes about the check-out details. At this hotel group, my role is to assist the guests related to the hotel and food services (Grnroos, Edvardsson, and Sheth, 2013). At InterContinental Hotels, I experienced that front stage staff of hotel are performing the duties and responsibilities as per predetermined schedule and standard and procedure to attain the goals of organization. After looking at the front stage flow chart of the InterContinental Hotels, I can say that this process of the organization is effective and assisting the hotels in attaining its preset objectives. The front office flow chart of this hotel reflects that the organization is making decisions on the basis of information and details of customers, which are provided by the reception members for every client. This flow chart directs the back stage staff for enhancing the service delivery (Srensen et al, 2013). I felt that the chart and process is supporting InterContinental Hotels to have resources and organize the functions and operations as per the expectations and needs of guests and current trends in the industry. Back Stage Flow Chart For InterContinental Hotels, back office process has a significant role in executing the internal functions and operations. When I worked at InterContinental Hotels, I come to know that there are some services and operations, which are executed by back office. These functions are such as; attending the phone calls and replying the mails by filling the forms (You, 2014). Moreover, other operations are like; cleaning of rooms and waiting area, housekeeping and post operational functions. These activities have a significant role in maintaining the standards and quality of services. It assists in developing operational plan of organization. This plan is recommended by the senior leaders and managers by utilizing the information that is provided by the staff of front stage. Regardless of this, I believed that back stage flow chart has flexibility because it can be altered by senior management as per the situations and dealing with the needs and demands of travellers. ; Significance of service encounter Service encounter is an important aspect in the service delivery by any service organization. It includes the exchange between the customers and service providers, in which clients experience two different aspects, i.e. behavioral and relationship aspect and service aspect. It has significant value in the field of hotel and hospitality services. For InterContinental Hotels, that is operating business operations in hospitality sector, needs managing the quality and standards to endure the current position in the market (Kindstrm and Kowalkowski, 2014). Taking personal experience at InterContinental Hotels, I realized that for getting competitive advantage, management of hotels always makes efforts to improve the service encounter by looking at the current industry trends and requirements of potential customers. The organization thinks that effective interaction between customers and organization impact the quality and process of delivery services, that consists of different types of service encounter with the management and employees. There may be three types of service encounter at InterContinental Hotels, i.e. remote counter, indirect counter and direct personal counter. At the hotels, the management makes the decisions after considering all the forms of service encounter (Grnroos and Grnroos, 2016). After that, the organization executes its activities and operations and assigns the tasks and responsibilities to the team. This entire procedure of hotels can assist it in enhancing the effectiveness and productivity of the organiza tional activities to get the predetermined goals. Working at InterContinental Hotels, I found that they are providing high quality services to their customers. It shows that their service encounter was better than other competitors in the hospitality industry. I realized that the hotels are very good in delivering services on time and maintaining the quality of food menus. Along with this, they are offering spas, gym and some other complimentary services. In spite of this, there may be some factors, which can raise issues in the successful service encounter (Mattsson and Chadee, 2015). These issues are like; immoral behavior of back and front stage staff and some frustrating demands of guests. After looking at InterContinental Hotels, I analyzed that this service organization is implementing remote, indirect and direct service encounter for keeping the best quality of hotel services. This hotel group is preferably using indirect service encounter to understand the demands and expectations of visitors. It is done by conducting market research and taking feedback from guests. Moreover, this organization is also considering the safety and security in offering successful service encounter. Managerial Implications It is very important to understand the managerial implications of service encounter at hotels. The value and worth of its business activities can be monitored by evaluating the service encounter between workforce and clients. Communication process plays a vital role in this, as it helps in analyzing the potential and needs of guests for sustaining the efficacy of service quality. As per my experience at InterContinental Hotels, I can say that service encounter and appropriate analysis of activities and services may have huge impact on managerial effectiveness and brand image of hotels. I came to know that there are some activities like; attending the visitors, listening to their needs and offering them some additional services, have large impact on process of management of any service organization. Though, InterContinental Hotels possess good brand reputation and offering best quality services, but still there is absence of service encounter. It is affecting the managerial approach o f organization adversely (Grnroos, 2007). The management should take some actions to fill the gaps. The managers should implement the strategies to know the needs and expectations of clients. The workforce at hotels needs to become more efficient and ethical. They have to understand their responsibilities towards hotels and guests. After this analysis, I suggest that this managerial implication of InterContinental Hotels may help them to achieve its targets and improve the service delivery. Thus, this reflective essay can help in understanding some aspects of service organizations. The organizations require establishing the front stage and back stage flow chart to allocate the services to different teams. Service encounter is an essential part for the any service organization, especially for the hospitality organizations; like; InterContinental Hotels. References Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M. and Brennan, R., 2015.Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education. Bitner, M.J. and Wang, H.S., 2014. 11. Service encounters in service marketing research.Handbook of service marketing research,221. Grnroos, C, 2007, Service management and marketing: customer management in service competition. John Wiley Sons. Grnroos, C. and Grnroos, C., 2016. 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